Connectives & conditions

87 phrases

Contrast & concession29 This theme drills the advanced concessive and adversative grammar that gives N1 Japanese its argumentative, formal register — the patterns you reach for in editorials, business correspondence, and reasoned discussion. It covers how each construction shades meaning differently: 「今さら悔やんだところで、失った信頼が戻ってくるわけではない」 dismisses a futile action, 「一言謝れば済むものを」 carries reproach over what should have been done, and 「専門家といえども、予測を誤ることは決して珍しくない」 concedes that even the strongest case has limits. Master these and you can concede a point, push back, or express regret with the precision an educated adult is expected to command.
Conditions & hypotheticals29 This theme drills the advanced N1 conditional and concessive patterns used in formal writing, business, journalism and debate — expressions like ～うが～まいが (whether or not), ～たが最後 (once you do X, there's no going back), ～ようでは (if things are as bad as that), ～(よ)うものなら (should you dare to), ～なくしては (without which, impossible), ～とあっては (given that it's the case) and ～(よ)うが (no matter what). They carry a weighty, literary register: 「会長の意向に逆らおうものなら、社内での立場は一気に危うくなる」 warns of dire consequences, 「相互の信頼なくしては、いかなる同盟関係も長続きはしない」 states an absolute condition, and 「恩師たっての依頼とあっては、断るわけにもいくまい」 conveys social obligation. Master these to argue, hypothesize and reason at an educated adult level.
Cause & grounds29 This theme gathers the advanced N1 expressions Japanese uses to state a cause, reason, or grounds with a formal, literary, or nuanced register. Several are stiff, written, or emphatic forms — 「完璧を求めるがゆえに」 and 「君の将来を思えばこそ」 add weight and emphasis to a reason, 「十年ぶりの優勝とあって」 reports a special circumstance and its natural consequence, and 「自分から言い出した手前」 expresses obligation born of one's own position. Others carry a distinct tone: 「子供ではあるまいし」 rebukes with 'it's not as if…,' 「雨も上がったことだし」 offers a casual justification for acting, and 「悲観的に捉えるきらいがある」 names an unfavorable tendency — the kind of phrasing found in essays, news, business, and thoughtful speech.

日本語

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