Logic & argument

87 phrases

Logic & causation29 This theme equips you with the vocabulary of rigorous argument at N1 register — the language of academic papers, editorials and formal debate. You learn to distinguish premises (前提) from consequences (帰結), to weigh necessity against chance (必然か偶然か), and above all to separate mere correlation from genuine causation, as in 「相関が認められるからといって、直ちに因果関係があると結論するのは早計だ」. You also practice demanding evidence and coherence — 「結論を述べる前に、それを裏付ける根拠を一つひとつ提示する必要がある」 — and calling out a flawed inference as a leap of logic: 「前提から結論への飛躍が大きすぎる」.
Abstract concepts29 This theme teaches how advanced abstract nouns — 概念 (concept), 本質 (essence), 普遍 (universal), 相対 (relative), 恣意 (arbitrary), 観念 (notion), 範疇 (category), 根源 (root/origin) and 位相 (phase) — function inside real sentences at JLPT N1 level. These words belong to the formal, literary, and academic register used in essays, news commentary, debate, and intellectual discussion, where speakers argue about the nature of things rather than describe daily life. You will hear them in lines like 「問題の本質を見極める眼こそが求められている」 (what is called for is the discernment to grasp the essence of the problem), 「善悪の基準は絶対ではなく相対的なものにすぎない」 (standards of good and evil are merely relative), and 「あらゆる創造の根源には静かな不満が潜んでいる」 (at the root of all creation lurks a quiet dissatisfaction).
Argumentation29 This theme teaches the language of argument and rebuttal at the N1 level—the formal, intellectual register used in debate, academic writing, and news commentary. You learn to weigh grounds against counterevidence, to concede a point while pushing back, and to name rhetorical maneuvers: questioning a premise with 「そもそもの前提を疑ってみる必要がある」, granting some validity with 「君の言い分にも一理ある」, and calling out evasion with 「都合が悪くなると論点をずらす」. Such expressions let you argue with precision and nuance rather than mere assertion.

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