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87 phrases

Phép lịch sự29 Japanese manners live in soft prescriptions and offered choices. 「携帯電話はマナーモードにするなり、電源を切るなりしてください」 uses 〜なり〜なり to lay out 'either this or that — your call', gentler than a flat command, while 「お礼状は、早ければ早いほど印象がいい」 is the classic 〜ば〜ほど ('the more… the more'). Note 「みっともないというものだ」: というものだ delivers a calm social verdict, not personal anger. N2 learners confuse なり〜なり with たり〜たり — the former offers options, the latter merely lists examples.
Rắc rối & xung đột29 Conflict Japanese swings between obligation and hedged concession. 「こちらのミスである以上、誠意をもって謝罪すべきだ」 uses 〜以上（は） — once X is a fact, the duty follows unavoidably — while 「苦情を言うにしても、感情的にならないほうがいい」 softens with 〜にしても ('even if/granting that'). And apologies climb into 謙譲語: 「深くお詫び申し上げます」 is far humbler than 謝る. N2 learners flatten 以上 into a plain から and lose the 'given that this is so, therefore' logic that makes an apology sound principled.
Giúp đỡ lẫn nhau29 Offering and asking for help in Japanese is really about lowering yourself, not the favor. Notice the 謙譲語 in「もしよろしければ、荷物をお持ちしましょうか」and the softening cushion in「お忙しいところ恐縮ですが、少し手を貸していただけませんか」— you apologize before you ask. To receive help gracefully, N2 speakers lean on set phrases like「困ったときはお互い様ですよ」and「遠慮なく声をかけてください」, which frame aid as mutual rather than a debt.

日本語

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